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| MAPS : European Gas Industry: 2004 |
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
| This Key Note Market Assessment report on the European downstream gas industry provides an account of progress towards the complete opening of the market, which will enable all customers to have a choice of supplier. Development towards the open market has been uneven, with some countries having had an open market for several years and others having experienced very slow progress. In May 2004, ten new countries joined the EU, bringing the total to 25 members. This made the difficult task of opening up the gas market even more challenging, as the majority of the new EU-10 still have state-controlled gas companies that need restructuring to comply with the requirements of the EU internal market. |
| The driving force behind the formation of an open EU gas market is the EU Gas Directive, which outlines that, by 2007, all gas users should be free to choose their gas supplier. The market is being opened in stages, starting with large industrial customers and progressing to smaller businesses at a later stage. The final stage is the opening of the market to household customers in 2007. |
| Progress towards market liberalisation varies between countries and this report analyses each member state in terms of its market structure, natural gas production and consumption, and an account of major players in the gas market. |
| This report also discusses the key issues facing the development of the internal EU gas market. A major requirement is the separation of gas transmission operations from other activities in vertically integrated companies. In some countries, transmission companies are independent, whereas in others, they function as part of a state-controlled industry. Progress still has to be made to ensure that non-discriminatory access to transmission networks is available to new market entrants and that tariffs and charge schedules are published. In some cases, an independent regulator still has to be established. It is important that, for an efficient market to operate, a comprehensive gas network throughout the EU is introduced. |
| Security of gas supply is an important topic and to ensure that customers obtain the availability of gas they expect, access to upstream pipelines and storage facilities, as well as other related issues, are currently being discussed. So far, the security of gas supplies in the EU has been good (unlike the electricity industry in which major disconnections have occurred). |
| Historically, the EU has been accustomed to obtaining the majority of its gas supplies from Western Europe, but as some of these major gas fields have declining production, more imports will be required to counteract this shortfall, as well as to satisfy the forecast EU demand for gas. This report outlines infrastructure projects (pipelines, storage and liquified natural gas [LNG] terminals) that are planned to provide the EU with an adequate and flexible supply of natural gas. |
| One of the characteristics of the EU gas industry is its domination by a small number of very large companies with investments in several EU gas markets. New entrants have difficulty entering the markets in which very large companies still have a dominant market share. |
| Renewable energy is being encouraged by the EU to reduce its dependence on existing energy reserves (of all kinds) and to reduce carbon emissions. Most of the current effort in renewable energy is in wind farms for generating electricity. This trend will result in a small reduction in the potential future gas market for power generation. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| 1. Introduction |
| OVERVIEW |
| DEFINITION |
| EU LEGISLATION |
| Expanded EU |
| Table 1: EU-25 Population by Country (000), 2003 |
| 2. Strategic Overview |
| COMPARISON OF EU COUNTRIES |
| By Degree of Market Opening |
| Table 2: Extent of Open Competition in the EU Gas Market by Selected EU Country (%), 2003 |
| By Consumption of Natural Gas |
| Table 3: Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in the EU by Country (000 toe), 2003 |
| By Production of Natural Gas |
| Table 4: Estimated Consumption and Production of Natural Gas in the EU by Country (000 toe and %), 2003 |
| 3. Current Issues |
| COMPLETION OF THE INTERNAL MARKET |
| The Madrid Forum |
| Security of Gas Supply |
| EU Gas Sources |
| High Level of Market Dominance by Major Gas Companies |
| CORPORATE ACTIVITY |
| 4. Austria |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 5: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in Austria (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| OMV Aktiengesellschaft |
| Other Companies |
| 5. Belgium |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 6: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in Belgium (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| Distrigas |
| Other Companies |
| 6. Cyprus |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| Electricity Authority of Cyprus |
| 7. The Czech Republic |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 7: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in the Czech Republic (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| Transgas AS |
| Other Companies |
| 8. Denmark |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 8: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in Denmark (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| DONG A/S |
| 9. Estonia |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 9: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in Estonia (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| Eesti Gaas AS |
| 10. Finland |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 10: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in Finland (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| Gasum Oy |
| Other Companies |
| 11. France |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 11: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in France (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| Gaz de France |
| Other Companies |
| 12. Germany |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 12: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in Germany (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| Ruhrgas |
| Verbundnetz Gas AG |
| Wingas GmbH |
| RWE AG |
| 13. Greece |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 13: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in Greece (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| Public Gas Corporation SA |
| 14. Hungary |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 14: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in Hungary (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| Magyar Olaj-es Gazipari |
| Other Companies |
| 15. The Republic of Ireland |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 15: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in the Republic of Ireland (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| Bord Gais Eireann |
| Other Companies |
| 16. Italy |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 16: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in Italy (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| Eni SpA |
| 17. Latvia |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 17: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in Latvia (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| Latvijas Gaze |
| 18. Lithuania |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 18: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in Lithuania (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| AB Lietuvos Dujos |
| Other Companies |
| 19. Luxembourg |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 19: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in Luxembourg (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| SOTEG SA |
| 20. Malta |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| 21. The Netherlands |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 20: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in the Netherlands (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| Nederlandse Gas Unie |
| 22. Poland |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 21: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in Poland (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| Polish Oil and Gas Company |
| Other Companies |
| 23. Portugal |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 22: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in Portugal (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| Gas de Portugal |
| 24. The Slovak Republic |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 23: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in the Slovak Republic (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| Slovensky Plynarensky Priemysl |
| 25. Slovenia |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 24: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in Slovenia (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| 26. Spain |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 25: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in Spain (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| Gas Natural Group |
| Enegas SA |
| Other Companies |
| 27. Sweden |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 26: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in Sweden (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| Sydkraft Gas |
| 28. The UK |
| MARKET STRUCTURE |
| Natural Gas Production and Consumption |
| Table 27: Primary Production and Gross Inland Consumption of Natural Gas in the UK (000 toe), 2000-2003 |
| MAJOR COMPANIES |
| Centrica PLC |
| National Grid Transco |
| Other Companies |
| 29. PEST Analysis |
| POLITICAL FACTORS |
| Politics and Non-EU Gas Supplies |
| Politics within the EU |
| Terrorist Activities |
| A Level Playing Field |
| ECONOMIC FACTORS |
| Gas Prices |
| Table 28: Price per GigaJoule of Gas for Households in Selected EU Countries (e), 1st January 2004 |
| Environmental Controls |
| Infrastructure Investment |
| SOCIAL FACTORS |
| Dual-Fuel Suppliers |
| Marketing of Gas |
| Internet Transactions and Account Management |
| TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS |
| Gas for Electricity Generation |
| Gas-Powered Vehicles |
| Fuel Cells |
| Bio Gas |
| 30. The Future |
| FORECASTS |
| Table 29: Forecast Long-Term Natural Gas Demand and Supply in the EU-15 (mtoe), 2005-2025 |
| Table 30: Forecast Import Dependency for the EU-15 (%), 2005-2025 |
| GAS SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE TO EUROPE |
| RENEWABLE ENERGY |
| COMPLETION OF THE INTERNAL MARKET |
| FURTHER EXPANSION OF THE EU |
| 31. Further Sources |
| Associations |
| Other Sources |
| Bonnier Information Sources |
Text © 2005 Key Note
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