Table of Contents

Executive Summary

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary

Introduction

INDUSTRY BACKGROUND

KEY NOTE ORIGINAL RESEARCH

ROAD NETWORK

THE RAIL NETWORK

BUS AND COACH SERVICES

DOMESTIC AIR TRAVEL

DOMESTIC FERRIES

Industry Background

ECONOMIC EFFECTS ON TRAVEL

BREAKDOWN OF TRAVEL BY MODE

CAPITAL AND CURRENT EXPENDITURE SUPPORT

HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE ON TRAVEL

Table 2.1: Breakdown of Purpose of Travelling by Journeys and Distance Per Person Per Year (number, miles and percent), 1992/1994

Table 2.2: Passenger Transport Kilometres Performed Per Head of Population of Great Britain Per Year, 1990-1994

Table 2.3: Passenger Kilometres Travelled by Mode of Transport (billion passenger kilometres and percent breakdown), 1990-1994

Table 2.4: International Comparison of Passenger Kilometres by Car and Taxi (billion passenger kilometres), 1983 and 1993

Table 2.5: International Comparison of Public Transport Passenger Kilometres and percent of Total Passenger KilometresÎ (billion passenger kilometres and percent),

1983 and 1993

Table 2.6: Capital Support for Public Transport and the Road System in Great Britain (£m), 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 2.7: Current Expenditure Support for Public Transport and the Road System in Great Britain (£m), 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 2.8: Nationalised Industries' External Finance (£m), 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 2.9: Household Expenditure on Travel and Transport (£m per annum and percent breakdown), 1990-1994

Key Note Original Research

ATTITUDES TO PUBLIC TRANSPORT

PRIVATISATION OF THE RAIL NETWORK

ATTITUDES TOWARDS GOVERNMENT ROAD POLICY

Table 3.1: 'Public Transport Satisfies My Everyday Transport Needs' ( percent of adults agreeing), 1995

Table 3.2: 'Improvements Which Would Encourage Me to Use Public Transport More' ( percent of adults agreeing), 1995

Table 3.3: 'I Believe Privatisation Will Improve Rail Services' ( percent of adults), 1995

Table 3.4: 'I Am Concerned About Levels of Safety on Railtrack' ( percent of adults agreeing), 1995

Table 3.5: 'Attitudes Towards Government Road Policy' ( percent of adults agreeing), 1995

Table 3.6: 'I Believe Motorway Tolls Will Increase the Level of Traffic on Minor Roads' ( percent of adults agreeing), 1995

Table 3.7: 'I Feel That the Fitting and Wearing of Seat Belts in Coaches/Minibuses Should Be Compulsory' ( percent of adults agreeing), 1995

Road Network

INTRODUCTION

CONSUMER PROFILE

SUPPLY

MARKET SIZE

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

THE FUTURE

Table 4.1: Road Network Mileage in Great Britain by Road Class (kilometres), 1990-1994

Table 4.2: Breakdown of the Road Network Mileage in Great Britain ( percent), 1990-1994

Table 4.3: Motor Vehicle Traffic by Road Class in Great Britain (billion vehicle kilometres and percent breakdown), 1990-1994

Table 4.4: Motor Vehicles Licensed in Great Britain (000 vehicles), 1990-1994

Table 4.5: New Vehicle Registrations by Type (000 vehicles and percent breakdown), 1990-1994

Table 4.6: Road Traffic in Great Britain by Type of Vehicle (billion vehicle kilometres and percent breakdown), 1990-1994

Table 4.7: Breakdown of Duration of Car Usage by Hours Per Week in Car ( percent of respondents), 1991-1995

Table 4.8: Household Penetration of Cars ( percent of households), 1990-1994

Table 4.9: Body-Type Cars Licensed in Great Britain by Region (000 vehicles), 1990-1994

Table 4.10: Car Ownership Density in Great Britain Per Head of Population (cars per 1,000 people), 1992 and 1994

Table 4.11: Passenger Kilometres Travelled in Great Britain by Mode of Transport (billion passenger kilometres and percent breakdown), 1990-1994

Table 4.12: Household Expenditure on Motoring (£ per week and percent breakdown), 1990-1994

Table 4.13: Projected Road Taxation Revenue and Road Track Costs Classified by Vehicle Class (£m at 1995/1996 prices), 1995/1996

Table 4.14: Investment and Maintenance in the Road Infrastructure (£m), 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 4.15: Projections of UK Carbon Dioxide Emissions (tonnes of carbon), 1990-2020

Table 4.16: Forecast of Road Traffic and Vehicles, Lower and Upper Forecasts (index 1994=100), 1984-2010

Rail Network

INTRODUCTION

CONSUMER PROFILE

SUPPLY

MARKET SIZE

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

THE FUTURE

Table 5.1: Passenger Kilometres Performed by Main Rail Operations (million passenger kilometres and percent breakdown), 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 5.2: Route Structure of Main Rail Operations in the UK (kilometres of passenger track), 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 5.3: Breakdown of British Rail's Network by Sector (billion passenger kilometres), 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 5.4: Passenger Journeys on Main Railway Networks (million passenger journeys and percent breakdown), 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 5.5: Average Journey Length on Main Railway Networks (kilometres per passenger journey), 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 5.6: Breakdown of Passenger Receipts by Ticket Types Purchased on British Rail and London Underground Networks (£m), 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 5.7: Breakdown of Journeys on British Rail and London Underground by Ticket Type (million journeys), 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 5.8: Duration of Train and Underground Usage ( percent of respondents), 1991-1995

Table 5.9: Rail Journey Stages Per Person Per Year by Type of Employment and Region of Residence, 1992/1994

Table 5.10: People Entering London by Rail During the Morning Peak (000 people), 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 5.11: Frequency of Use of London Underground and British Rail ( percent of respondents using the service), 1994 and 1995

Table 5.12: Use of InterCity Services ( percent of respondents), 1991-1995

Table 5.13: Bidders for the First Three Rail Franchises, October 1995

Table 5.14: British Rail's Assets, 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 5.15: British Rail Financial and Operating Performance Summary, 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 5.16: London Underground's Assets, 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 5.17: London Underground Financial Highlights (£m), 1993/1994 and 1994/1995

Table 5.18: Tyne and Wear Metro's Assets, 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 5.19: Glasgow Underground's Assets, 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 5.20: Docklands Light Railway's Assets, 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 5.21: Greater Manchester Metro Ltd's Assets, 1992/1993-1994/1995

Table 5.22: South Yorkshire Supertram Ltd's Assets, 1993/1994 and 1994/1995

Table 5.23: Main Media Advertising Expenditure by Main Rail Services (£000), Year Ended June 1994 and 1995

Table 5.24: Passenger Receipts on Main Railway Networks (£m and percent breakdown), 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 5.25: Passenger Receipts Per Kilometre Travelled on Main Railway Networks (pence per kilometre), 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 5.26: Expenditure by Central and Local Government on National Railways and London Transport (£m), 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 5.27: Investment in UK Rail Networks Excluding Eurotunnel (£m), 1990/1991-1994/1995

Table 5.28: Forecast of Passenger Kilometres Travelled by Rail (billion passenger kilometres), 1994-2000

Bus and Coach Services

INTRODUCTION

CONSUMER

SUPPLY

MARKET SIZE

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

THE FUTURE

Table 6.1: Industry Structure of Operators by Vehicle Fleet Size (000 vehicles), 1990/1991-1993/1994

Table 6.2: The Effect of Car Availability on Bus Usage (bus journeys per person per year), 1989/1991 and 1992/1994

Table 6.3: Duration, Frequency and Recency of Bus Use ( percent of respondents), 1994 and 1995

Table 6.4: Respondents' Suggested Improvements to Local Bus Services by Region of Residence ( percent), 1993/1994

Table 6.5: London Transport Buses' Financial Highlights (£m), 1993/1994 and 1994/1995

Table 6.6: Stagecoach Holdings PLC's Financial Highlights (£m), Year Ended 30th April 1991-1995

Table 6.7: FirstBus PLC's Major Bus Company Subsidiaries, June 1995

Table 6.8: National Express Group PLC's Breakdown by Service (million passengers and £m), 1993 and 1994

Table 6.9: National Express Group PLC Financial Highlights (£m), 1992-1994

Table 6.10: Cowie Group PLC's Financial Highlights (£m), 1991-1994

Table 6.11: Main Media Advertising Expenditure by Major Bus and Coach Transport Operators (£000), Year Ended June 1994 and 1995

Table 6.12: Trends in Bus and Coach Services, 1990-1994

Table 6.13: Bus and Coach Receipts Including Concessionary Fare Reimbursement (£m and percent breakdown), 1990/1991-1993/1994

Table 6.14: Local Authority Support for Local Bus Services (£m), 1990/1991-1993/1994

Table 6.15: Income Breakdown of Bus and Coach Operators ( percent of income), 1990/1991-1993/1994

Table 6.16: Subsidised and Commercial Local Stage Services Outside London (million vehicle kilometres and percent), 1990/1991-1993/1994

Table 6.17: Indices of Local Stage Fares (1990/1991=100), 1990/1991-1993/1994

Table 6.18: Bus Operating Costs for Local Stage Services (pence per vehicle kilometre), 1990/1991-1993/1994

Domestic Air Travel

INTRODUCTION

CONSUMER

SUPPLY

MARKET SIZE

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

THE FUTURE

Table 7.1: Breakdown of Airport Terminal Passengers by Domestic and International (000), 1991-1994

Table 7.2: Major UK Airports ( percent domestic to total passengers), 1991-1994

Table 7.3: Breakdown of Domestic Terminal Passengers by Major UK Airports ( percent share of all domestic passengers), 1991-1994

Table 7.4: Breakdown of Domestic Air Travel by Largest City Pairs (number of passengers and percent), 1992 and 1994

Table 7.5: Breakdown of Aircraft in Service by UK Airlines, 1990-1994

Table 7.6: Breakdown of UK Domestic Passengers Uplifted on Scheduled Services by Airline (000 passengers and percent), 1992 and 1994

Table 7.7: UK Domestic Versus International Scheduled Passengers Uplifted by UK Airlines (000 passengers and percent), 1992 and 1994

Table 7.8: Frequency of Flying by UK Domestic Air Travellers ( percent), 1992 and 1995

Table 7.9: Domestic Scheduled Fare Groups (000 passengers and percent), 1992 and 1994

Table 7.10: Air UK Group Ltd's Financial Highlights (£m and percent), 1992-1994

Table 7.11: British Airways PLC's Financial Highlights (£m and percent), Year Ended 31st March 1992-1995

Table 7.12: British Midland Airways Ltd's Financial Highlights (£m and percent), 1991-1994

Table 7.13: Airport Performance of BAA Airports (million and £m), 1994/1995

Table 7.14: BAA PLC's Financial Highlights, Year Ended 31st March 1992-1995

Table 7.15: Manchester Airport PLC's Financial Highlights, Year Ended 31st March 1992-1995

Table 7.16: Birmingham International Airport PLC's Financial Highlights, Year Ended 31st March 1992-1995

Table 7.17: Main Media Advertising Expenditure by UK Airlines (£000), Year Ended June 1995

Table 7.18: Main Media Advertising Expenditure by UK Airports (£000), Year Ended June 1994 and 1995

Table 7.19: Domestic Passenger Market (passengers and passenger kilometres), 1990-1994

Table 7.20: Domestic Passenger Seat Occupancy ( percent seat occupancy), 1990-1994

Table 7.21: Domestic Terminal Passenger Traffic at Major UK Airports (000 passengers), 1991-1994

Table 7.22: Forecast Airport Terminal Passengers (000), 1995-2000

Domestic Ferries

INTRODUCTION

SUPPLY

MARKET SIZE

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

THE FUTURE

Table 8.1: Main Domestic Ferry Operators by Passenger Shipping Area, 1994

Table 8.2: Passengers on Major Domestic Sea Routes (000 passengers), 1992-1994

Further Sources

ASSOCIATIONS

PERIODICALS

DIRECTORIES

GENERAL SOURCES

ICC INFORMATION SOURCES

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

OTHER SOURCES

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The flow of people is as fundamental to the economic well-being of a country as the flow of goods and money. Without investment in the transport infrastructure, economic growth, quality and standard of life are restricted, yet there has been no Government White Paper on transport since 1977.

The main feature of Government transport policy over the last 15 years has been a bias towards the individual and the use of the motor car. This has led to a decrease in the use of all forms of terrestrial public transport, as has been the case in all other major countries, yet modern lifestyles demand more mobility from all sections of the population. Public transport by sea and air has increased over the last 15 years.

Concern for the environment, due to pollution and traffic problems caused by urban congestion, has revived the need to develop mass transit systems and improve bus services in city centres. Four of the six mass transit systems (excluding British Rail) currently operating have been built since 1980. There are at least another four at the planning or design stages.

As the demand for public transport declined from 16.6 percent to 11.8 percent of passenger kilometres performed in the UK in the 10 years to 1993, the ownership and structure of the passenger transport industry has been transformed.

Since the beginning of the 1980s, most of the bus and coach industry has been put into private ownership and has been deregulated, except for London. The airline sector is totally in the private sector following the sell-off of British Airways. Most of the major airports are in the private sector through the privatisation of BAA PLC and the sale of several municipal airports. British Rail is at the late stages of preparation for complete privatisation.

The aim of stimulating demand through privatised competition and deregulation may have caused an increase in coach travel demand, although British Rail fare increases may also have been the cause. Demand for local bus services has not increased throughout the country, but the full effects of privatisation and competition have yet to come through.

In order to stimulate the remaining municipal bus and airport undertakings into the private sector, the Government changed the regulations in April 1995. The percentage of sales receipts which a council must use for debt reduction was reduced from 50 percent to 25 percent for airports sold before April 1997 and similarly for bus services sold before April 1996.

The National Road Traffic Forecast predicts that all motor traffic will increase by between 11 percent and 18 percent between 1994 and the year 2000. It does not predict any increase in the number of buses and coaches, yet the numbers have increased recently due to smaller and more frequent buses being used on some routes.

Text © 1995 Key Note

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